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The overall goal of this chapter is twofold. First, the authors aim to identify indigenous phenomena that influence employee turnover and retention in the Chinese context. Second, the authors link these phenomena to the contextualization of job embeddedness theory. To achieve the goal, the authors begin by introducing three macro-level forces (i.e., political, economic, and cultural forces) in China that help scholars analyze contextual issues in turnover studies. The authors then provide findings in the literature research on employee retention studies published in Chinese academic journals. Next, the authors discuss six indigenous phenomena (i.e., hukou, community in China, migrant workers, state-owned companies, family benefit prioritization, and guanxi) under the three macro-level forces and offer exploratory propositions illustrating how these phenomena contribute to understanding employee retention in China. Finally, the authors offer suggestions on how contextualized turnover studies shall be conducted in China.

In the continuous development of high-speed railways, ensuring the safety of the operation control system is crucial. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) faults in signaling equipment may cause transportation interruptions, delays and even threaten the safety of train operations. Exploring the impact of disturbances on signaling equipment and establishing evaluation methods for the correlation between EMI and safety is urgently needed.

This paper elaborates on the necessity and significance of studying the impact of EMI as an unavoidable and widespread risk factor in the external environment of high-speed railway operations and continuous development. The current status of research methods and achievements from the perspectives of standard systems, reliability analysis and safety assessment are examined layer by layer. Additionally, it provides prospects for innovative ideas for exploring the quantitative correlation between EMI and signaling safety.

Despite certain innovative achievements in both domestic and international standard systems and related research for ensuring and evaluating railway signaling safety, there’s a lack of quantitative and strategic research on the degradation of safety performance in signaling equipment due to EMI. A quantitative correlation between EMI and safety has yet to be established. On this basis, this paper proposes considerations for research methods pertaining to the correlation between EMI and safety.

This paper overviews a series of methods and outcomes derived from domestic and international studies regarding railway signaling safety, encompassing standard systems, reliability analysis and safety assessment. Recognizing the necessity for quantitatively describing and predicting the impact of EMI on high-speed railway signaling safety, an innovative approach using risk assessment techniques as a bridge to establish the correlation between EMI and signaling safety is proposed.

This paper aims to investigate the extent to which greenhouse gas (GHG)-sensitive companies in the FTSE 100 disclose carbon emission information in their annual reports and stand-alone reports during the period of 2004-2012 and how they respond to the launch of legally binding GHG-reduction schemes – the European (EU) Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and the Climate Change Act (CCA).

A 42-item disclosure index is constructed to analyse the quality of corporate GHG disclosures. The authors initially chart the development of corporate GHG disclosure from 2004 to 2012, analyse the trend of disclosure development and compare variances for the convergence of disclosures. Subsequently the authors carry out a t-test to assess the significance of post-EU ETS and -CCA changes and the difference between GHG trading account holders (AH) and non-account holders (NAH).

The results show that GHG disclosures have been increasing over time, both in number of firms making disclosures and in the amount of information being reported, which indicate the movement towards normativity. The authors also find that the disclosures reach the peak after the enactment of EU ETS and CCA, and firms with carbon trading accounts are more responsive to these schemes than those without accounts. Nevertheless, the quality of the disclosure remains low, which may justify the further government intervention of mandating carbon reporting.

This is the first paper that has examined the regulatory effects on GHG disclosures in an environment where GHG emission triggers direct cost for companies.

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the progress in grey system research during 2000-2015, so as to present some important new concepts, models, methods and a new framework of grey system theory.

The new thinking, new models and new methods of grey system theory and their applications are presented in this paper. It includes algorithm rules of grey numbers based on the “kernel” and the degree of greyness of grey numbers, the concept of general grey numbers, the synthesis axiom of degree of greyness of grey numbers and their operations; the general form of buffer operators of grey sequence operators; the four basic models of grey model GM(1,1), such as even GM, original difference GM, even difference GM, discrete GM and the suitable sequence type of each basic model, and suitable range of most used grey forecasting models; the similarity degree of grey incidences, the closeness degree of grey incidences and the three-dimensional absolute degree of grey incidence of grey incidence analysis models; the grey cluster model based on center-point and end-point mixed triangular whitenization functions; the multi-attribute intelligent grey target decision model, the two stages decision model with grey synthetic measure of grey decision models; grey game models, grey input-output models of grey combined models; and the problems of robust stability for grey stochastic time-delay systems of neutral type, distributed-delay type and neutral distributed-delay type of grey control, etc. And the new framework of grey system theory is given as well.

The problems which remain for further studying are discussed at the end of each section. The reader could know the general picture of research and developing trend of grey system theory from this paper.

A lot of successful practical applications of the new models to solve various problems have been found in many different areas of natural science, social science and engineering, including spaceflight, civil aviation, information, metallurgy, machinery, petroleum, chemical industry, electrical power, electronics, light industries, energy resources, transportation, medicine, health, agriculture, forestry, geography, hydrology, seismology, meteorology, environment protection, architecture, behavioral science, management science, law, education, military science, etc. These practical applications have brought forward definite and noticeable social and economic benefits. It demonstrates a wide range of applicability of grey system theory, especially in the situation where the available information is incomplete and the collected data are inaccurate.

The reader is given a general picture of grey systems theory as a new model system and a new framework for studying problems where partial information is known; especially for uncertain systems with few data points and poor information. The problems remaining for further studying are identified at the end of each section.

This review aims to give a critical view of the wheel/rail high frequency vibration-induced vibration fatigue in railway bogie.

Vibration fatigue of railway bogie arising from the wheel/rail high frequency vibration has become the main concern of railway operators. Previous reviews usually focused on the formation mechanism of wheel/rail high frequency vibration. This paper thus gives a critical review of the vibration fatigue of railway bogie owing to the short-pitch irregularities-induced high frequency vibration, including a brief introduction of short-pitch irregularities, associated high frequency vibration in railway bogie, typical vibration fatigue failure cases of railway bogie and methodologies used for the assessment of vibration fatigue and research gaps.

The results showed that the resulting excitation frequencies of short-pitch irregularity vary substantially due to different track types and formation mechanisms. The axle box-mounted components are much more vulnerable to vibration fatigue compared with other components. The wheel polygonal wear and rail corrugation-induced high frequency vibration is the main driving force of fatigue failure, and the fatigue crack usually initiates from the defect of the weld seam. Vibration spectrum for attachments of railway bogie defined in the standard underestimates the vibration level arising from the short-pitch irregularities. The current investigations on vibration fatigue mainly focus on the methods to improve the accuracy of fatigue damage assessment, and a systematical design method for vibration fatigue remains a huge gap to improve the survival probability when the rail vehicle is subjected to vibration fatigue.

The research can facilitate the development of a new methodology to improve the fatigue life of railway vehicles when subjected to wheel/rail high frequency vibration.

This study aims to examine the joint impact of networking capability and agile project management on organizational agility of telecommunication technology providers' in Indonesia. The study also examines the moderating role of market orientation as a predominant strategic orientation on the relationship between agile project management and organizational agility.

Research data were collected via a questionnaire survey from the executive management of telecommunication technology providers in Indonesia to obtain 150 valid questionnaires for analysis. This study analyzed the overall model fit and causal relationship using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.

The results indicate that networking capability positively affects organizational agility. However, agile project management's significant effect on organizational agility occurs only when the relationship is moderated by market orientation. The results of the study also demonstrate that organizational agility positively affects organizational performance.

This study is based on a cross-sectional nature and might fail to capture the studied variables' dynamic over an extended period.

The study enriches the previous literature in organizational agility by presenting the collective impact of networking capability and agile project management and the moderating role of market orientation. However, dissimilar with major prior studies, the results indicate that agile project management's direct effect on organizational agility is not significant. Agile project management needs to be moderated by market orientation to create exceptional customer values and overcome the competition for the organization to achieve organizational agility, responsiveness and adaptability to address customers' needs and requirements. Furthermore, the study's result corroborates the importance of organizational agility to achieve organizational performance in the highly dynamic telecommunication industry.

Since a single environmental strategy is not sufficient to deal with the various institutional forces that firms are facing, this study proposes ambidextrous environmental strategy and aims to explore its drivers. Based on the awareness-motivation-capability (AMC) framework and resource orchestration theory, the authors investigate the configurational effects of perceived institutional force, green intellectual capital (GIC) and paradox cognition on achieving ambidextrous environmental strategy.

To explore these configurational effects, this study uses two-waved survey data from 317 Chinese manufacturing firms and the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method.

There are three equivalent configurational paths leading to ambidextrous environmental strategy. The findings suggest that firms with paradox cognition can better orchestrate GIC to achieve ambidextrous environmental strategy under different perceived institutional force. This study also finds three substitution effects between distinct conditions.

This study contributes to the existing literature by introducing the concept of ambidexterity into the field of environmental strategy and using the AMC framework to explore the configurational paths driving ambidextrous environmental strategy.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate growth kinetics of interfacial Cu-Sn intermetallic compound (IMC) at the solid Cu/liquid Sn interface.

The Sn/Cu solid–liquid interfacial IMCs are fabricated under various soldering temperatures (240°C-270°C) and soldering times (5-240 s) by dipping method. The thickness and morphology of IMC are observed and analyzed by the optical microscope and scanning electron microscope.

Holding at 260°C, Cu/Sn solid–liquid interface Cu₆Sn₅ growth index experience a change from 0.08 to 0.30 within 10-190 s. The growth index is 0.08 in 10-40 s; the growth index is 0.30 in 40-190 s. Cu₆Sn₅ grain coarsening index is constant within 10-190 s. It is 0.13. The result of the index of Cu₆Sn₅ grain coarsening is different from predecessors 27 results Cu₆Sn₅ grain coarsening index for 1/3. This is because Cu₆Sn₅ grain grows at the expense of its near small grain to reduce the surface Gibbs free energy, and its morphology changes from regular shape to irregular shape. It sets up the mathematical expression about the initial formation time and temperature of Cu₃Sn in 240°C-270°C.

It obtains a mathematical model to express the changes of solid–liquid interface frontier concentration which has an effect on the interfacial Cu₆Sn₅ layer growth index and the Cu₆Sn₅ grain coarsening index. Different indexes can be obtained by establishing relevance equations, which can be used to predict the growth of the interface IMC layer. This mathematical model is established to design the solder pads and the sizes of the solder joints.

The high-quality development of the real estate industry is crucial to the transformation of China's economy. However, few studies apply the productivity to explore the development path of the real estate industry in China. To fill this gap, this study mainly investigates the total factor productivity (TFP) of the real estate industry of 30 sample provinces in mainland China from 2007 to 2016.

The Malmquist index is applied to estimate the productivity (i.e. TFP) of the real estate industry, based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA). Then, the truncated tobit regression analysis explores the external influencing factors on the TFP of the real estate industry.

Through empirical analysis, it is found that the high-quality development of the real estate industry depends on the technological innovation by the real estate enterprises and the targeted policies by the provincial government. Moreover, the development of the real estate industry has a positive correlation with the growth of China's economy but a negative correlation with the development of other industries.

TFP mainly reveals the development status of the provincial real estate industry and identifies the driving force for exploring the high-quality development mode of the real estate sector. Furthermore, the fluctuation rule of TFP can be applied to predict the development trend of the real estate industry in the future.

As an application, this study measures the TFP of the Chinese real estate industry in different provinces and periods. The results have meaningful policy implications for policymakers regulating the real estate industry.

Manufacturers are facing growing institutional pressures to enhance the manufacturers' sustainability. Establishing appropriate environmental strategy and implementing green supply chain integration (GSCI) are imperative initiatives for them. Nevertheless, prior research has predominantly examined the individual net impacts on sustainable performance. Drawing on the strategy-structure-environment (SSE) framework and configurational perspective, this study investigates the synergistic effects and multiple equivalent combinations of environmental strategy and GSCI under diverse institutional forces.

To empirically validate this relationship, the present study utilizes fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyze two-wave survey data collected from 317 manufacturers in China.

The findings indicate that individual dimension of environmental strategy and GSCI is not independently necessary. However, when combined, this results in seven equifinal configurations that lead to high sustainable performance. Combining all dimensions of environmental strategy and GSCI leads to the simultaneous achievement of high environmental, economic and social performance under perceived social pressure.

This study offers firms the flexibility to select from a range of pathways, allowing the firms to strategically filter and develop diverse combinations of environmental strategy and GSCI. These choices empower firms to enhance the firms' sustainable performance while navigating various institutional forces.

This study contributes to the existing literature by utilizing the SSE framework to investigate the configurational paths that influence sustainable performance. Additionally, this work introduces the fsQCA method to enhance the understanding of sustainable performance in the literature.